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ATLANTA — Russia's invasion of Ukraine is a major reason that U.S. drivers are paying record prices for gasoline. But it's not the only cause of the spike.
Numerous factors are pushing prices up, with regular gasoline hitting a record $4.67 a gallon Wednesday according to AAA's survey.
Gas prices were already expected to breach the $4 a gallon mark for the first time since 2008, with or without shots fired in Eastern Europe or economic sanctions imposed on Russia.
That's because there are a number of reasons besides the disruption of Russian oil exports driving prices higher according to Tom Kloza, global head of energy analysis for the OPIS, which tracks gas prices for AAA. And making predictions about where prices will go has proved difficult. Wednesday's record is already higher than Kloza a few weeks ago expected prices would reach. As school let out and summer travel picks up, so will gasoline demand and price, he said.
"Anything goes from June 20 to Labor Day," Kloza said.
Here's what's behind the record price surge:
Russia's invasion of Ukraine
Russia is one of the largest oil exporters on the planet. In December, it sent nearly 8 million barrels of oil and other petroleum products to global markets, 5 million of them as crude oil.
Very little of that went to the United States. In 2021 Europe got 60% of the oil and 20% went to China. But oil is priced on global commodity markets, so the loss of Russian oil affects prices around the globe no matter where it is used.
The concerns about disrupting global markets led Western nations to initially exempt Russian oil and natural gas from the sanctions they put in place to protest the invasion.
But in March the United States announced a formal ban on all Russian energy imports. And Monday the E.U. announced a ban on imports of Russian oil by ship, which represented about two-thirds of the oil European nations imported from Russia. Russia's oil is slowly and steadily being removed from global markets.
China lockdowns ending
One factor keeping oil prices somewhat in check has been the surge of COVID-19 cases, and strict lockdown rules in much of the country. That was a major drag on demand for oil.
People are more worried about high oil prices than anything else.
–Robert McNally, president of Rapidan Energy
But as the COVID surge has started to retreat, the lockdowns are being lifted in major cities such as Shanghai. And more demand without increased supply can only drive up prices.
Less oil and gas from other sources
Oil prices plunged when pandemic-related stay-at-home orders around the world crushed demand in the spring of 2020, and crude briefly traded at negative prices. In response, OPEC and its allies, including Russia, agreed to slash production as a way to support prices. And even when demand returned sooner than expected, they kept production targets low.
U.S. oil companies don't adhere to those types of nationally mandated production targets. But they have been reluctant or unable to resume producing oil at pre-pandemic levels amid concerns that tougher environmental rules could cut future demand. Many of those stricter rules have been scaled back or failed to become law.
"The Biden administration is suddenly interested in more drilling, not less," Robert McNally, president of consulting firm Rapidan Energy, said earlier this spring. "People are more worried about high oil prices than anything else."
It takes time to scale up production, particularly when oil companies are facing the same supply chain and hiring challenges as thousands of other U.S. businesses.
"They can't find people, and can't find equipment," McNally added. "It's not like they're available at a premium price. They're just not available."
Oil stocks have generally lagged the broader market over the last two years, at least until the recent run-up in prices. Oil company executives would rather find ways to boost their share price than increase production.
"Oil and gas companies do not want to drill more," Pavel Molchanov, an analyst at Raymond James, said earlier this spring. "They are under pressure from the financial community to pay more dividends, to do more share buybacks, instead of the proverbial 'drill baby drill,' which is the way they would have done things 10 years ago. Corporate strategy has fundamentally changed."
One of the starkest examples: ExxonMobil last month announced first-quarter profits of $8.8 billion, more than triple the level of a year ago when excluding special items. It also announced a $30 billion share repurchase plan, far more than the $21 billion to $24 billion it expects to spend on all capital investment, including searching for new oil.
Not only is oil production lagging behind pre-pandemic levels, U.S. refining capacity is falling. Today, about 1 million fewer barrels of oil a day are available to be processed into gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and other petroleum-based products.
State and federal environmental rules are prompting some refineries to switch from oil to lower-carbon renewable fuels. Some companies are closing older refineries rather than investing what it would cost to retool to keep them operating, especially with massive new refineries set to open overseas in Asia, the Middle East and Africa in 2023.
And the fact that diesel and jet fuel prices are up far more than gasoline prices shows that refiners are shifting more of their production to those products.
"Economics mandate you make more jet and diesel fuel to the detriment of gasoline," said Kloza.
Strong demand for gas
But supply is only part of the equation for prices. Demand is the other key, and while it's very strong right now, it's still not back to pre-pandemic levels.
The U.S. economy had record job growth in 2021, and while those gains have slowed, they remain historically strong. Demand is getting another boost as the many employees who have been working from home for much of the last two years return to the office.
The start of the summer travel season on Memorial Day weekend is likely to spark the typical annual increases in demand for gas and jet fuel. U.S. airlines all report very strong bookings for summer travel, even with airfares climbing above pre-pandemic levels.
The end of the omicron surge and the removal of many COVID restrictions are encouraging people to get out of the house for more shopping, entertainment and travel. U.S. trips in passenger vehicles have increased 10% since the beginning of this year, according to the mobility research firm Inrix.
Commuting may remain down slightly. Many who plan to return to the office will be there only three or four days a week, and the total number of jobs is still slightly below 2019 levels. But there will be periods, most likely this summer, with higher demand for gas than during comparable periods before the pandemic, Kloza predicts.
"Even before Ukraine, I was expecting to break the record," Kloza said. "Now it's a question of how much we break the record by."
